Determination of Salivary IL-35 and IL-39 in Periodontitis Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Periodontitis is frequently associated with diabetes mellitus, yet the immunological mechanisms underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. This case-control study evaluated salivary IL-35 and IL-39 levels in patients with periodontitis with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eighty-five participants were enrolled, including 30 patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes, 30 patients with periodontitis without diabetes, and 25 healthy controls. Salivary cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests. The results showed significant differences in IL-35 and IL-39 concentrations among the study groups (p = 0.0001). IL-39 levels were significantly elevated in both periodontitis groups compared with the controls, whereas IL-35 levels were significantly reduced in patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings suggest that salivary IL-35 and IL-39 may serve as potential biomarkers for periodontal disease and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus.